Hiện nay, nhiều nhà khoa học hiện nay đang rất quan tâm đến loài sán dây châu Á, trong đó chu kỳ sin học và phát triển của T. asiatica khác với loài sán dây bò T. saginata khi ở trong các vật chủ trung gian (heo so với các gia súc) cũng như các phủ tạng bị nhiễm (gan và cơ). Loài sán dây T. asiatica có thể phân biệt với sán dây lợn T. solium và sán dây bò T. saginata bằng xét nghiệm hình thái như đầu sán (scolex), các đốt sán trưởng thành hay đốt sán trưởng thành chứa trứng ở thể trưởng thành và đầu sán và bề mặt bàng quang tron giai đoạn ấu trùng. Loài T. asiatica đã được xác định có mặt tại Hàn Quốc, Đài Loan, Philippine, Trung Quốc, Thái Lan, Indonesia, Việt Nam, Nhật Bản, Lào, Nepal và Ấn Độ.
Các công cụ phân tư đã được áp dụng trong thời gian gần đây đã giúp xác định loài T. asiatica so với các loài khác đã từng nhiễm ở người dựa trên các dữ liệu thông tin di truyền như giải trình tự nucleotide của các gen ty thể, gen ribosome nhân và gen nhân mà có thể dẫn đến làm rõ các đặc tính, đồng thời qua các kỹ thuật phân tử tiếp đó như PCR-RFLP, PCR-RAPD, BESST-base, LAMP và qPCR. Nghiên cứu về mối quan hệ di truyền phả hệ (phylogenetic relationships) trong số các loài sán dây Taenia spp. ở người biểu hiện rằng loài T. asiatica là một loài chị em (sister species)với sán dây bò T. saginata, điều này về mặt di truyền tương tự hơn các loài Taenia spp. khác khi phân tích trình tự nucleotide của COX1, NAD1 và 28S rDNA.
Bộ gen ty thể của sán dây Taenia gây nhiễm ở người bao gồm 13.703 bp (T. asiatica), 13,.670 bp (T. saginata) và 13.709 bp (T. solium) và chứa 36 gen, gồm 12 gen mã hóa protein (protein-coding genes), 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), một tiểu đơn vị lớn và nhỏ và 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Sự khác biệt về trình tự trong bộ gen hoàn chỉnh (full genome)của gen ty thể T. asiatica và T. saginata là 4,6%, trong khi đó T. solium khác đến 11%. Gen trực giao/ đồng hệ Hox (gene orthologynghĩa là các gen ở các loài khác nhau có nguồn gốc từ cùng một gen tổ tiên chung, thường duy trì chức năng tương tự sau sự kiện phân tách loài, giúp nghiên cứu tiến hóa và chức năng gen liên loài. Chúng khác với paralog (gen nhân đôi trong cùng một loài) và là một dạng của homolog (gen tương đồng) trên loài T. asiatica được thiết lập nhờ vào phân tích so sánh với các gen Hox của nóm sán dẹt khác.T. asiatica Hox biểu hiện 6 gen trực giao Hox bao gồm hai lab/Hox1, hai Hox3, mộtDfd/Hox4 và một Lox/Lox4. Sự lai chéo giữa T. asiatica và T. saginata đã được xác định trên các loài này, trong đó chúng có cùng khu vực lưu hành tạiHàn Quốc, Thái Lan, Trung Quốc và Lào.Phân tích so sánh bộ gen của các loài T. asiatica, T. saginata và T. solium cũng báo cáo lên các đặc điểm bộ gen. Tên loài mới Taenia asiaticus (nomen novum hay nom. vov,) được đề xuất theo ý tác giả T. asiaticusEom và Rim, 1993) và điều này cũng đồng nghĩa với T. asiatica Linstow, 1901.
Dưới đây là một tài liệu về lịch sử, cơ chế và đặc tính phân tử các loài sán dây đã cập nhật:
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TS.BS. Huỳnh Hồng Quang
Viện Sốt rét-KST-CT Quy Nhơn